Unknown Lab Report free essay sample

Unknown #1 was found in a nearby pond that was created by an earthquake. Some of the various methods introduced and practiced in class were applied in identifying the microbe. Procedures were followed as stated in the index of the Virtual Unknown Software. First the shape and color of the microbe was noted. This is done to know the morphology of the microbe. After concluding that the microbe was Gram negative rods, it was inoculated into a previously prepared test tube. Then various tests were performed to isolate and identify the unknown microbe. Table 1 shows the tests, purpose, reagents and results of the various tests performed. Each test was performed according to the index of the Virtual Unknown software and the following tests were performed: 1) Adonitol Fermentation 2) Cellobiose Fermentation 3) Maltose Fermentation 4) Lactose Fermentation 5) Raffinose Fermentation 6) Sorbitol Fermentation 7) Sucrose Fermentation 8) Melibiose Fermentation 9) Indole Production Results Table 1: Biochemical Tests Results Test| Purpose| Reagents| Observations| Results| Adonitol Fermentation| To determine if the microbe can ferment the carbohydrate (sugar) adonitol as a carbon source. We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | None| Turned pink| Negative adonitol test| Cellobiose Fermentation| To determine if the microbe can ferment the carbohydrate (sugar) cellobiose as a carbon source. | None| Turned Yellow| Positive cellobiose fermenter| Maltose Fermentation| To determine if the microbe can ferment the carbohydrate (sugar) maltose as a carbon source. None| Turned Yellow| Positive maltose fermenter| Lactose Fermentation| To determine if the microbe can ferment the carbohydrate (sugar) lactose as a carbon source. | None| Turned Pink| Negative lactose fermenter| Raffinose Fermentation| To determine whether the microbe can use sugar raffinose for carbon and energy. | None| Turned pink| Negative raffinose fermenter| Sorbitol Fermentation| To determine if the microbe can ferment the carbohydrate sorbitol as a carbon source. None| Turned yellow| Positive sorbitol fermentation| Sucrose Fermentation| To determine if the microbe can ferment the carbohydrate sucrose as a carbon source| None| Turned Pink| Negati ve sucrose fermenter| Melibiose Fermentation| To determine if the microbe can ferment the carbohydrate (sugar) melibiose as a carbon. | None| Turned Pink| Negative melibiose fermenter| Indole Production| To determine whether the microbe can produce indole from the amino acid tryptophan. | Add five to ten drops of Kovac’s reagent to the test tube. The reagent does not mix with water and forms a thin layer above the broth. The reagent reacts with idole to produce a cherry red ring. | Red ring at the top of broth| Positive indole test| Flowchart Unknown#1 Gram Stain Gram Negative Rod Adonitol Test (-) Positive Negative Klebsiella ornithinolyticaCitrobacter koseri Klebsiella oxytocaEnterobacteraergenes Klebsiella oxytocaEscherichia fergusonii Klebieslla pneumoniae sspKlebsiella ornithinolycia pneumoniaKlebsiella pneumonia Klebsiella oxytocassp ozaenae Klebsiella terrigenaKlebsiella pneumonia ssp Leclercia adecarboxlatarhinosclermatis Klebsiella terrigena Leclercia adecarboxylata Mollerlla wisconsinisis Providencia alcalifaciens Providencia rettgeri Serratia fonticola Serraria rubidea Cellobiose fermentation (+) Positive Negative Buttiauxella agrestis Edwardsiella hoshinae Enterbacter cloacae Edwardsiella ictaluri Enterbacter intermedius Edwardsiella tarda Enterbackter sakazakii Edwarsiella tarda Kluyvera ascorbata biogroup 1 Rahenlla aquatilis Escherichia blattae Escherichia coli Ewingella Americana Morganella morganii ssp morganii Morganella morganii ssp sibonii Proteus mirabilis Proteus myxofaciens Proteus penneri Proteus vulgaris Providencia rustigaianii Providencia stuartii Salmonella bongori Salmonella cholerasuis ssp arixonae Salmonella paratyphi A Salmonella typhi Serratia marcescens Serratia proteamaculans Shingella prtoeamaculans Shingella dysnteriae Shingella flexneri Shingella sonnei Tatumella ptyseos Yersinia pestis Yersina pseudotubercilosis Maltose Fermentation (+) PositiveNegative NoneNone Lactose Fermentation (-) Positive Negative Buttiauxella agresitsCitrobacter amalonaticus bigroup 1 Enterobacter cloacae Enterobacter amnigenus bigroup 1 Enterbacter intermedius Enterbacter vulneris Enternbacter sakazakii Serratia odonifera bigroup 1 Kluyvera ascorbata Serratia plymuthica Rahnella aquatillis Raffinose Fermination (-) PositiveNegative Citovacter amalonaticus biogroup 1Cedecea davisae Enterbacter amnigenus biogroup 1Cedecea lapagei Enterobacter gergoviaeEnterbacter cancerogenus Escherichia vulnerisEscherichia hemannii Serratia odorifera biogroup 1Hafrina alvei Serratia plymuthicaYersinia kristenernii Sorbitol fermentation (+) PositiveNegative Cedecea neteriCedecea davisae Serratia ficaria Cedeca lapagei Yersinia enterocolitca Enterobacter cancerogenus Yersinia frederiksenii Escherichia hermannii Hafnia alvei Yersinia kristensenii Sucrose fermentation (-) PositiveNegative Cedcea neteriEnterbacter amnigenus biogroup 2 Serratia ficariaSalmonella choerasuis ssp hotenae Yersinia enteroclitica Yersinia frederiksenii Melibiose Fermentation (-) PositiveNegative Enterbacter amnigenus biogroup 2Citrobacter freudii Salmonella cholerasuis ssp houtenaeCitrobacter amalonaticus Indole production (+) PositiveNegative Citrobacter amalonaticusCitrobacter freundii Discussion/Conclusion After conducting a variety of various tests, it was concluded that Unknown #1 was Citrobacter amalonaticus. Once the morphology of the microbe was identified, it was isolated and inoculated into a test tube. The nine tests performed on the microbe were done according to the index of the virtual unknown software and the results of each test correlated to the results anticipated. As a result, it was concluded that the unknown #1 microbe was Citrobacter amalonaticus. Citrobacter amalonaticus has a gram negative rod-shape. They can be found in the digestive system and are linked with digestive disorders such as diarrhea. They can also be present in the urinary tract and most commonly causes Urinary Tract Infections. Citrobacter amalonaticus is also known as an opportunist pathogen. Opportunist pathogens are pathogens that do not cause much damage to healthy individuals; however, it can cause very severe damage to those with a weakened immune system. Besides being found in the intestines of humans, Citrobacter amalonaticus is usually found in the ground (soil), in the air and in the intestines of animals such as bats. (1) Citrobacter amalonaticus also has some positive effects. It has the ability to recycle hydrogen. In addition it is capable of breaking down nitrates into nitrites in the nitrogen cycle. This process is commonly used in the biodegration industry. There tannic acid degrades into tanneries. (2) Citrobacter amalonaticus is also capable of combing metals and phosphates. This allows for the harmful substances such as uranium to be removed from water, soil and uranyl phosphate crystals. (2) References: Citrobacter amalonaticus A cousin to Citrobacter Freundii. http://www. citrobacterfreundii. org/citrobacter-amalonaticus/citrobacter-amalo

Environmental Risk Factors

Question: Discuss about theEnvironmental Risk Factors. Answer: Introduction Everyone looks forward to enjoying a healthy life free from diseases and injuries. However, this might be an ideal situation that might not be realized because of the numerous challenges and risk factors encountered on day-to-day basis. This implies that there are numerous environmental factors that expose individuals to injuries and different kinds of ailments (Jha Peto, 2014). Although some of these factors are not directly contributed by the human beings, human life can be protected from diseases and injuries if appropriate measures are taken (Silva, Colvin, Hagemann Bower, 2014). This paper presents a candid discussion on the impacts of environmental factors on human health. It narrows down to smoking and unintentional environmental childhood injuries by analyzing the causes, impacts, and preventive measures. Smoking in the Environment Smoking is an activity that involves the inhalation of tobacco smoke via ones mouth in the form of pipe, cigar or cigarette. It is a very common activity done by a large number of people across the country. According to official health records, 16% of Australian population engages in daily smoking activities (Dusingize, Olsen, Pandeya, Thompson, Neale, Subramaniam Green, 2016). Smoking is embraced by many people because of prestige, peer pressure, and excitement. Some people also smoke because of the perception that it can help in relieving stress. However, these are misleading beliefs because smoking has no ability to improve ones life. In fact, it is a risky behavior that exposes the users and other people to a wide range of health challenges. Whenever used by an individual, smoking can cause harm on the users life as well as that of the other people who are around the user. Effects of Smoking in the Environment Research has proven that tobacco has nicotine and tar, dangerous substances that affect nearly all organs of the body. Its effects are not limited to any section of the society, but to anyone who uses it or gets exposed to it. The first effect of tobacco smoking is that it causes numerous diseases to the user. These include lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), peripheral artery disease, leukemia, periodontal, gingivitiss, diabetes, and many others (French, Jang, Tait Anstey, 2013). At the same time, the effects of smoking can be spread to non-smokers who are exposed to secondhand smoking. Should this happen, the secondhand smokers can be at risk of contracting diseases like coronary diseases, heart attack, and stroke. At the same time, smoking can affect the unborn babies whose mothers are smoking during pregnancy. Such babies are at a greater risk of congenital birth defects, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), and low birth weight. Meanwhile, children who are exposed to secondhand smoking as a result of the smoking tendencies of their parents are prone to pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, coughing, and wheezing (Gall, Huynh, Magnussen, Juonala, Viikari, Kahonen Venn, 2014). A part from causing such diseases, smoking results into other health challenges such as the impairment of the users Central Nervous System (CNS), loss of appetite, sexuality, and mood. Worse still, smoking leads to death (Furber, Jackson, Johnson, Sukara Franco, 2013). A large number of people have lost their lives as a result of the use of tobacco. According to scientific research, smoke is the second largest cause of preventable deaths in Australia. Recommendations on how to Deal with the Problem of Smoking As already highlighted, smoking is a risky behavior that should be eliminated from the society. There are many ways through which the use of cigarettes can be limited or totally eradicated from causing more health challenges to the society. First, an appeal should be made to the smokers to stop using cigarettes because the behavior not only affects them, but other users as well. To do so, counseling services should be recommended to the addicts to help them acknowledge the dangers and adopt a smoking-free lifestyle (Schottenfeld, Beebe-Dimmer, Buffler Omenn, 2013). It can be of great benefit if the urge to refrain from smoking activities is initiated by the smoker themselves. Once the smoker makes a choice to do so, nothing can prevent them from accomplishing it as long as the necessary support is provided by a therapist and other close family members. Meanwhile, the government, through its relevant agencies, should come up with appropriate strategies to deal with smoking in the society (Pandol, Eibl, Waldron, Gukovskaya, Go, Habtezion Lugea, 2016). Top on this list should be policy formulations to reduce the accessibility of and use of cigarettes by the people. All the existing laws governing smoking activities such as cigarette sale, possession, use and exposure to children should be amended to be more stringent. This can be achieved by coming up with taxation measures and prohibition of alcohol use in the public as well as restriction of its use by the minors and expectant women (Fraser, Gartner Hall, 2014). These measures can help in ensuring that no cases of secondhand smoking are experienced in the society, a commendable initiative that will rid-off the society from toxic nicotine and tar chemicals. Environmental Indoor and Outdoor Childhood Injuries Childhood is one of most challenging stages in human development. Children especially infants are exposed to lots of indoor and outdoor injuries wherever they are. This is due to the fact that they are curious, active and innocent about the imminent dangers facing them in whatever they encounter. The same challenge extends even to the teenagers who have a lot of energy to spend touching and exploring their immediate surroundings. There are different environmental factors that can expose children to injuries both at home, on the road, in school, at the playground, recreational facilities and anywhere else they might be at any given time of the day. Some of the risky environmental factors that affect children include poisons; pollution; disasters like earthquake, floods, cold weather; unsafe construction sites, swimming pools, kitchen, playgrounds, water bodies, and cliffs; unsafe properties like farm equipments, pesticides, medicines, stoves, cigarette lighters, contaminated food, and matches (De Young, Hendrikz, Kenardy, Cobham Kimble, 2014). Effects of Environmental Injuries on Childrens Health Environmental injuries exposure to such risky environment can affect the child by causing physical bodily harm. For example, a child who touches fire can get bruised. The same thing can happen to a child who falls down when climbing a cliff or gets injured while playing in the field. Such injuries can be troubling because they not only cause physical pain, but also contribute to psychological distress suffered by the child (Catroppa, Crossley, Hearps, Yeates, Beauchamp, Rogers Anderson, 2015). A distressed child is not comfortable because they cannot concentrate on any activity such as schoolwork which is of course important in their lives. The other effect of environmental injuries to the children is that they can cause diseases. Research has proven that diseases like tetanus, cancer and mental disorders can result from physical injuries. For example, a bruised body can develop wounds that if not properly and timely nursed, can develop to be tetanus. On the other hand, persistent trauma experienced due to physical injury can cause anxiety and trauma that can be unhealthy for the mental development of a child. Last, but not least, exposure to environmental risk factors can eventually result into the death of a child (Catroppa, Crossley, Hearps, Yeates, Beauchamp, Rogers Anderson, 2015). In Australia, research has proven that an injury is a leading cause of childhood deaths. This is because many children have died as a result of poisons, drowning, accidental falls, road accidents, and pollution. Recommendations on How to Address the Challenge of Environmental Injuries Having acknowledged that childhood injury is a serious issue of health concern, it can be better if appropriate measures are taken to save the lives of children. This paper therefore recommends that the most important measure to take is to beef up adult supervision on children. Since children may be declared innocent of the imminent dangers of their actions, the parents should be so responsible in providing the necessary guidance and supervision whenever necessary. Should proper supervision strategies be adopted, children can be saved from any injuries that might be experienced at anytime (De Young, Hendrikz, Kenardy, Cobham Kimble, 2014). However, this role should be discharged in collaboration with other important stakeholders such as parents, older siblings, baby-sitters, house helps, teachers, drivers, recreational facility owners, and the society at large. If done as required, children would be effectively shielded from any dangers that might be experienced by the children whet her they are playing in the house, riding bicycle, swimming, eating, or engaged in any form of physical and sporting activities. Some of these measures are the use of helmet while riding bicycle, fencing of the compound, storage of poison and medication away from childrens reach, safe driving, monitoring childrens movements, and keeping of unsafe gadgets like stoves away from children (Catroppa, Crossley, Hearps, Yeates, Beauchamp, Rogers Anderson, 2015). At the same time, the government should come up with stiffer policies to regulate parental supervision, traffic rules, monitoring of recreational facilities, and teenage driving. These can help in saving the lives of children from unnecessary environmental injuries. Conclusion An interaction with ones environment can determine how healthy one becomes. When the environment is unsafe, it can be risky and make individuals to be vulnerable to a number of health issues: diseases, death, and disabilities. As an activity, smoking has a potential of affecting the user as well as other people who might suffer as a result of secondhand smoking. Therefore, to reduce the prevalence of lung cancer, diabetes, and other smoke-related diseases, smoking should be highly regulated and stopped if necessary. Similar magnitude of stern measures should be taken to address the challenges of childhood injuries that have not only caused physical pain, but disabled and killed so many children. References Catroppa, C., Crossley, L., Hearps, S. J., Yeates, K. O., Beauchamp, M., Rogers, K., Anderson, V. (2015). Social and behavioral outcomes: pre-injury to six months followingchildhood traumatic brain injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 32(2), 109-115. De Young, A. C., Hendrikz, J., Kenardy, J. A., Cobham, V. E., Kimble, R. M. (2014). Prospective evaluation of parent distress following pediatric burns and identification of risk factors for young child and parent posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Child andAdolescent Psychopharmacology, 24(1), 9-17. Dusingize, J. C., Olsen, C. M., Pandeya, N., Thompson, B., Neale, R. E., Subramaniam, P., ... Green, A. C. (2016). Cigarette smoking and the risks of incident basal cell carcinoma andsquamous cell carcinoma in a large population-based cohort study. Dermatology OnlineJournal, 22(9). French, D. J., Jang, S. N., Tait, R. J., Anstey, K. J. (2013). Cross-national gender differencesin the socioeconomic factors associated with smoking in Australia, the United States ofAmerica and South Korea. International journal of public health, 58(3), 345-353. Fraser, D., Gartner, C., Hall, W. (2014). Patterns of tobacco smoking among illicit drug usersin Australia 20012010. Drug and alcohol review, 33(5), 534-539. Furber, S., Jackson, J., Johnson, K., Sukara, R., Franco, L. (2013). A qualitative study ontobacco smoking and betel quid use among Burmese refugees in Australia. Journal ofImmigrant and Minority Health, 15(6), 1133-1136. Gall, S. L., Huynh, Q. L., Magnussen, C. G., Juonala, M., Viikari, J. S. A., Kahonen, M., ... Venn, A. (2014, January). Exposure to parental smoking in childhood is associated withincreased carotid intima-media thickness in young adults: Evidence from two prospectivecohort studies in Australia and Finland. In CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES (Vol. 37, 116-116). ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND: KARGER. Jha, P., Peto, R. (2014). Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(1), 60-68. Pandol, S., Eibl, G., Waldron, R., Gukovskaya, A., Go, V. L., Habtezion, A., ... Lugea, A. (2016). Experimental approach to determine the effects of diet, alcohol and smoking onpancreatic carcinogenesis. Pancreatology, 16(4), S28. Schottenfeld, D., Beebe-Dimmer, J. L., Buffler, P. A., Omenn, G. S. (2013). Currentperspective on the global and United States cancer burden attributable to lifestyle andenvironmental risk factors. Annual review of public health, 34, 97-117. Silva, D., Colvin, L., Hagemann, E., Bower, C. (2014). Environmental risk factors by genderassociated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 133(1), e14-e22.

25 Favorite Family History Quotes

25 Favorite Family History Quotes Are you looking for a quote related to genealogy and family history, for a family history photo or scrapbook, your Facebook or Twitter page, or a family genealogy website? These famous quotes include humorous quotes, inspirational quotes and other quotations related to our interest in the past. Why waste your money looking up your family tree? Just go into politics and your opponents will do it for you. -   Mark TwainIn all of us there is a hunger, marrow deep, to know our heritage - to know who we are and where we came from. Without this enriching knowledge, there is a hollow yearning. No matter what our attainments in life, there is still a vacuum, an emptiness, and the most disquieting loneliness. -   Alex Haley, RootsIf you would not be forgotten, as soon as you are dead and rotten; Either write things worthy of reading, or do things worthy of writing. -   Benjamin Franklin, May 1738There are only two lasting bequests we can give our children - one is roots, and the other, wings. -   Hodding S. CarterWhen a society or a civilization perishes, one condition can always be found. They forgot where they came from. -   Carle SandburgI dont know who my grandfather was, I am much more concerned to know what his grandson will be. -   Abraham LincolnYou live as long as you are remembered. -   Russian proverb Those who forget their past are destined to repeat it. -   Robert A. HeinleinWe are the children of many sires, and every drop of blood in us in its turn ... betrays its ancestor. -   Ralph Waldo EmersonEvery man  is a quotation from all his ancestors.  -   Ralph Waldo EmersonPeople will not look forward to posterity who never look backward to their ancestors. -   Edmund BurkeEveryone has ancestors and it is only a question of going back far enough to find a good one. -   Howard Kenneth NixonIt is a desirable thing to be well-descended, but the glory belongs to our ancestors. -   PlutarchAnybody can make history, only a great man can write it. -   He who has no fools, knaves, or beggars in his family was begot by a flash of lightning. -   Old English proverbIf you cannot get rid of the family skeleton, you may as well make it dance. -   George Bernard ShawThere is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors, and no slave who has not had a king among his. -   Helen KellerFamily faces are magic mirrors. Looking at people who belong to us, we see the past, present and future. -   Gail Lumet Buckley Genealogy Tracing yourself back to people better than you are. -   John Garland PollardI dont have to look up my family tree because I know that Im the sap. -   Fred AllenIf you don’t know history, you don’t know anything. You are a leaf that doesn’t know it is part of a tree. - Michael CrichtonWe inherit from  our ancestors gifts so often taken for granted. Each of us contains within this inheritance of soul. We are links between the ages, containing past and present expectations, sacred memories and future promise. - Edward SellnerWeve uncovered some embarrassing ancestors in the not-too-distant past. Some horse thieves, and some people killed on Saturday nights. One of my relatives, unfortunately, was even in the newspaper business. -   Jimmy CarterA man who thinks too much about his ancestors is like a potato- the best part of him is underground - Henry S.F. CooperSoutherners are so devoted to genealogy that we see a family tree under every bush. -   Florence King

A Sample Essay - How to Write a Nursing Sample Essay

A Sample Essay - How to Write a Nursing Sample EssayIt is very important to read a nursing sample essay before you begin writing your own. These sample essays are the result of a project in which a selection of very high school students were given to write about a subject that they feel is very important to them.Examples in this category would include employment, and health care related topics. It is very important to remember that the samples you get from the sources mentioned in the beginning do not represent the best writing you will ever do; they are just meant to serve as a guide for you to write on your own.The first thing you should do when choosing a sample essay is to determine what sort of topic you want to write about. There are numerous topics for nursing: teacher's salaries, school tuition, safety, and more. You can always try to find other examples, as long as the topic you choose doesn't call for much detailed research.What is important is that you make use of the exam ples, but you should take everything into consideration before you begin writing. The examples in these samples have very limited time. After the first example the essay is supposed to go on to the next one. In order to keep the examples as short as possible you can always make use of a couple of sentences for each example.One of the things that makes these samples so great is that you get to use several different examples. Each example has a short paragraph that gives you an outline of the example topic, how it is written, and where it was given. This gives you an idea of what the sample essay will be like.The ideas presented in the example will then be followed by the opening paragraphs of the essay itself. In order to keep the essays as short as possible you must keep the opening paragraphs to only two or three sentences.The examples in these samples are only meant to serve as a guide for you to write your own. After you have had a chance to look at the samples, you will see that most people start their essay with an introduction and then continue to the conclusion.

Expressing Quantity in English for Large Amounts

Expressing Quantity in English for Large Amounts There are many expressions used to express large amounts in English. In general, much and many are the standard quantifiers used to express large quantities. The Basics Much is used with uncountable nouns: There is much interest in learning English around the world.How much money do you have?There isnt much butter left in the refrigerator. Many is used with countable nouns: There are many people who use the computer every day.How many students live close to the school?There arent many books on that shelf. The following expressions are often used in place of much and many, especially in positive sentences. a lot oflots ofplenty ofa great deal ofa large number ofthe majority of These expressions can are combined with of in the sense of most, many or much. A lot of people enjoy listening to jazz.A great deal of time is spent understanding these issues. Note that much, most and many does NOT take of. Most people enjoy listening to some type of music. (NOT: Most of people...)Much time is spent understanding math. (NOT: Much of time is spent ...) Formal/Informal A lot of/lots of/plenty of are generally used in informal situations: There will be a lot of food at the party.Theres plenty of time to finish your homework. A large amount of/a great deal of/a large number of/a majority of are used in more formal situations, such as written business English and presentations. There is a great deal of pressure to finish this project on time.There are a large number of individuals who prefer to do banking online. Countable/Uncountable A lot of/lots of/plenty of are used with both countable and uncountable nouns. Theres a lot of juice in this jug.There are plenty of opportunities to learn online.There are lots of people who like chess. A large amount of/a great deal of are used with uncountable nouns such as water, money, time, etc. Theres a large amount of work to be done on this project.There isnt a great deal of time to finish this report. A large number of/a the majority of are used with countable nouns such as people, students, investors, etc. The majority of investors are interested in low-risk opportunities.A large number of our pupils continue their studies at university.

Human Resource Development College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Resource Development College - Essay Example Thus, it is necessary for managers to understand organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior studies focus on three aspects: the individuals, groups & structure. Some of the day to day operations issues of organizations that organizational behavior studies address are change management, motivation, groups, employment turnover, conflict, work design, work stress, leadership issues, power & interpersonal communication. Managers need to understand organization behavior in order to be successful in their four management functions of planning, organizing, leading & controlling. I The Individual: While assigning duties and responsibilities, managers need to take account of the individual's abilities. Ability is defined as "an individual's capacity to perform the various tasks in a job." Human beings are believed to be equal. However, this is not true when talking in organizational context .People have there own individual abilities. Intellectual ability is defined as "That required to do mental activities". There are various dimensions of intellectual ability including aptitude, verbal comprehension, perceptual speed, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, spatial visualization, & memory. Physical ability is defined "as that required to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength and similar characteristics". A manager needs to conduct a stock count of skills and abilities preset in his workforce that he can utilize to achieve the ability-job fit. Matching abilities to the job design is necessary to enhance employee performance. Personality is defined as the sum total of ways in which an individual interacts with others. Every individual has a different personality. The determinants of personality are heredity, environment & situation. Personality traits are characteristics of personality in different situations. These traits describe an individual's behavior. Research has been conducted to isolate and identify different personality characteristics. Myers Briggs Type Indicator is one of the most frequently used personality tests. The Myers Briggs type indicator is a personality test that identifies four characteristics and classifies people into 16 personality types. The sixteen primary personality traits are reserved vs outgoing, less intelligent Vs more intelligent, affected by feelings vs emotionally stable, submissive vs dominant, serious vs happy go lucky, expedient vs conscientious, timid vs venturesome, tough minded vs sensitive, trusting vs suspicious, practical vs imaginative, forthright vs shrewd, self assureds apprehensive, conservative vs experimenting, group dependent vs self sufficient, uncontrolled vs controlled and relaxed vs tensed. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator is criticized for lack of supporting evidence. The Five Factor model or the Big Five Model is being used more often because of the high amount of research that supports this model. According to the Big Five model five basic personality dimensions underlie al others. The big five factors are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience. Today's managers also face the challenge of making decisions that are in compliance with the values , ethics and culture of the society that they operate in and the sub culture f their own organization. This problem always existed but has intensified due to globalization and expanding of international business. Values are defined as "basic convictions that a specific mode of

History of Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

History of Architecture - Essay Example It will also reveal innovative new building technologies and strategies that can help and restore the viability of a natural cycle (History of architecture, 12). This essay will also touch on the main functions of a shelter and how humans have continuously adapted to differing environments through an amazing diversity of structure. Humans are required to live harmoniously with each other for future growth of the environment. This essay will discuss the nature of dwelling (from the urban scale to the â€Å"home†) in the built environment from the 18th-21st centuries, putting into consideration the scale of the city and the individual or multi-family dwelling. In addition, this essay will describe the design global and the local-built environment from the 18th-21st century and what were happening during the age of reason or enlightenment period, the modern period, and the postmodern period. The traces that are found in caves makes us believe that early humans were living in cave s. The bones they gnawed, even their own bones, and the flints they used were creped around for ever in a cave but get scattered or demolished somewhere else. Caves were winter shelters, and none wished to remain inside on a summer day. This is similar to the response that our ancestors portrayed. The right to travel extensively for the goals of hunting as well as gathering called for the need for at least a short-term shelter. The demand for shelter brought about the beginning of architecture (Pryce, 19). The early human needed a shelter against rain and sun hence they would lean some protective shields, for example, they used leafy branches against the trunk of a tree. Traces of early dwellings that can be counted as reliable were found for as early as 30,000 years ago. The circular or oval ring of stones together with the local materials that was used to act as a tent-like roof was enough evidence that the early humans practiced architecture. An encampment from 25,000 years ago h as been at Dolni Vestonice in Eastern Europe. The evolution of architecture shifted form tents to round houses by around 8000 BC. By 6500 BC, human beings lived in houses with straight walls, which had windows. From the 5th to the 2nd millennium, the construction of Stone Age graves and temples was acquired, and it became common. Multi-family dwelling also known as a multi-dwelling unit or multi-family residential is a categorization of the housing element for the non-commercial populace is contained within one or several building within one complex (McIntyre et al, 15). One common form of a multi-family dwelling is an apartment building. In some cases, multi-family dwelling building is owned individually instead of leasing from a single apartment building owner. There are different types of multi-family dwelling. These include two flat, which is commonly built on a house lot. The second one is a three flat which is similar to two flat, but it contains three flats; they are most com mon. Another type of multi-family dwelling is a four flat apartment (Graff, 17). Duplex or semi-detached - one building, which consist of two houses, townhouse – this is a type of house that is attached to townhouses. There is also the apartment, mixed used building, and apartment community. A one-family dwelling might be referred to as a semi-detached housing. In this case, each unit is separate from another. This makes it easier to sell the